The Respiratory Superhero

Don’t worry, we aren’t going to go over the top with anatomy stuff but a few basics are helpful to help you appreciate how truly extraordinary your body is.

We’ve already touched on the double layer of intercostals muscles sandwiched between your ribs. Your big diaphragm, however, is simply the superhero of all breathing muscles! It is a complex, uneven elastic floor across the bottom of your ribcage, directly under your lungs and on top of your liver, stomach, pancreas and spleen. Since your lunch has to get from your mouth into the acid pit of your stomach, your esophagus passes through a tight (hopefully) opening in the diaphragm.

Although you can easily find your intercostals between your ribs, don’t even bother poking around in search of your diaphragm because it is fairly well buried. To further complicate matters, it doesn’t lie flat and neat like the bottom of a bucket or the floor of a birdcage. At the finish of each exhalation, the diaphragm resembles a lopsided hill with the high side rising up and over your big liver on the right. The diaphragm is completely elastic, powerful, responsive and cooperative. The domed diaphragm you see in the picture is in the exhalation position. When you inhale it flattens down ever so slightly and that creates a vacuum that draws in your next breath.

Be well. Breathe beautifully.

Muscle Duty

Your breathing muscles are able to survive a lifetime of perpetual motion because they have a very brief moment of rest each time you exhale and before you begin your next intake of air.

In order for you to inhale, your intercostal muscles between ribs lift your ribs slightly out and up. At the same time your diaphragm (the elastic floor of your ribcage) flattens down. This results in a slightly larger ribcage that creates an imbalance of pressure and new air is sucked in. This is the busy, working, active stage of each breath cycle.

The resting stage means that all breathing muscles simply let go and relax. The ribs drop down once more and the diaphragm domes upward into its resting position. And there we have an exhalation as the breath is squeezed out.

The distance the diaphragm must move from its domed up relaxed position when the lungs are relatively empty to the flattened position of inhalation is only about half an inch. However, this slight change of total volume is enough to move all the air you need.

Your breathing muscles also have somewhat easier duty during sleep when you tend to breathe more efficiently.

Be well. Breathe beautifully.

The Bone Stack

Breathing is Posture’s prisoner. Remember that neither ribs nor lungs are capable of drawing a single breath on your behalf. Your basic chest-box is brought to life by the performance of the intercostal muscles (stretched between your ribs) paired with your diaphragm (the muscular floor of the ribcage). And, of course, your brain runs the show.

These primary breathing muscles need space and freedom to perform! When their movement is cramped and crowded you get less and less oxygen. Less oxygen makes you feel more and more like slumping. A lose-lose situation.

Good posture produces the greatest amount of oxygen while spending the least amount of energy to get it. Good posture translates as bone balanced lightly upon bone, with as few muscles as possible engaged in the support of that balance.

A slump is actually tiring since your muscles have to remain slightly contracted to keep you from falling face down into your minestrone. Remember that you head weighs from 12 to 20 pounds. If it is pushed forward off your bony spine then it is your poor tired neck and shoulder muscles that have to hang onto it, hour after hour after hour. Headache? No surprise.

Be well. Breathe beautifully.

The Extraordinary Exchange

A net of blood vessels (so fine that the blood must squeak through one cell at a time) is laced tightly around each air sac (alveolus). The alveolar walls here are as thin as soap bubbles about to burst. This ingenious design allows oxygen to pass easily from the incoming breath, through the thin shared wall of the air sac and blood vessels and finally into the blood stream.

While the blood is sucking up oxygen from the air sac, it simultaneously gives up its carbon dioxide into that same tiny sac. Carbon dioxide is spent fuel that now must be carried away in the air about to be exhaled from all alveoli.

Your blood at that point has been refreshed with a new supply of oxygen and is ready to resume its unending duties on your behalf. It is the extraordinary exchange of gases in this inner sanctum that fuels all that you do, all that you are.

Be well. Breathe beautifully.

Link: The Path From Throat To Lungs

The Path From Throat To Lungs

Your windpipe is a large flexible hose held open by C-shaped pieces of cartilage open toward the spine (accommodating lumps of food traveling down the adjacent esophagus). The windpipe divides in two just behind your heart, one hose descending toward your right lung and the other toward the left. At this point these two slightly smaller hoses (the main bronchi) enter your lungs, along with essential blood vessels and nerves.

Because your large muscular heart is tucked between the lungs, and is positioned slightly off to the left, things get crowded on that left side. Therefore, you have only two lobes within the left lung as well as a noticeably smaller descending bronchus. The roomier right lung has three lobes, with a larger bronchus.

The bronchial hoses now begin to divide again and again creating progressively narrower bits of hose. This bronchial branching is often described as an inverted tree. Imagine the windpipe as the trunk, the bronchi as the main branches, the progressively narrow bits of air hose as the smaller branches and stems.

By now the microscopic subdivisions of air hose have become too narrow for cartilage-ring support. At the very end of each of the smallest subdivisions of the bronchial tree is a cluster of air sacs (the alveoli). Imagine a microscopic cluster of hollow grapes growing from a tiny hollow stem. Lung tissue is made up of trillions of these microscopic clusters. The cleaned warm oxygen-rich air at this point is embraced by your blood stream.

Be well. Breathe beautifully.

Easy Come Easy Go

Lung tissue has a full-time job just getting oxygen out of the incoming air and into your blood stream while it simultaneously grabs up the spent fuel from the blood so that can be dumped from the body.

It is left to your breathing muscles to actually move air into and out of the body. Muscles and lung tissue of course take orders from the brain where a second-by-second record is kept on exactly how much oxygen is needed by each muscle and body process at any given moment. A pretty fancy dance when you think about it. The brain sends orders for faster or slower breathing down to the respiration department.

A double layer of intercostals muscles is sandwiched between each pair of ribs and the big elastic diaphragm stretches across the bottom rim of your ribcage. To draw a breath in, the intercostals lift and swing your ribs gently out and up while the diaphragm flattens down. This effort creates a slightly enlarged ribcage. Fresh oxygen-rich air rushes in from outside the body to fill this new vacuum (similar to the action of a syringe or a bellows).

To exhale, the intercostals and the diaphragm simply relax and collapse. The ribs drop down out of the upward flare while the diaphragm rises to its domed-up resting position. This overall relaxation results in a slightly smaller ribcage with smaller capacity. There is no place for the contained air to go but out. Exhalation is simply a letting go of the breathing muscles without slumping the spine. Inhalation is active. Exhalation is letting go of that action.

Be well. Breathe beautifully.

Organs, Lobes And The Diaphragm

In addition to the intercostal muscles between the ribs, the multiple-muscled diaphragm stretches like a complex, elastic floor across the bottom of your ribcage, and serves as the most powerful and important breathing tool you have. Now your bony cage, with its strategically placed muscles, has become a powerful pump, able to move air in and out of your body on command.

The elusive muscle floor of the diaphragm attaches around the bottom rim of the ribcage and to the waist-level lumbar spine at the rear. This big diaphragm serves simultaneously as the elastic floor of your ribcage, and the elastic ceiling of your abdominal cage.

The constant rising and flattening action of this powerful sheath as it pumps the air in and out, gently massages the heart and lungs as it rises, and in turn, the stomach, liver, spleen and intestines as it flattens down to pull in new air.

Since the partition of the diaphragm slices more or less horizontally all the way through the standing body, it remains out of sight, and is almost impossible to touch. To further complicate matters, it does not lie flat and neat like the floor of a bucket or a birdcage. At the finish of each exhalation, the relaxed diaphragm resembles a lopsided hill with its high side stretched up over the mound of the large liver on your right.

Inactivity encourages a lazy diaphragm. An active diaphragm is essential for efficient breathing. If you are stuck at a desk, take frequent deep breaths to keep your energy up.

Be well. Breathe beautifully and efficiently.

Size Matters!

The tape measure does not deceive! Remember that deep lung tissue is dedicated to the delivery of oxygen and the dumping of garbage gases like carbon dioxide. Lung tissue cannot breathe all by itself. The miniscule delicate air sacs that make up your lungs are at the mercy of respiratory muscles.

The muscles sandwiched between adjacent ribs (intercostals) and those stretched across the floor of your ribcage (diaphragm) are designed to pump and squeeze air in and out of the chest. All breathing muscles need to remain pliable and unobstructed if they are to work effectively. The passages between your nose and your lungs need to remain open and free.

What, you ask, does this have to do with a tape measure? When was the last time you actually measured your neck, your chest, and your waist? Like so many of us, you may have been squeezing yourself into clothes two sizes too small for so long that strangulation now feels normal! Don’t hang onto your college measurements when you buy a new necktie, belt, collar, or bra.

When you restrict your windpipe, your neck, your rib muscles and your diaphragm, you have distorted and inhibited breathing. Go get the tape measure. Update your clothing sizes. Your lungs will thank you. You are gorgeous at any size!

Be well. Breathe beautifully.

The Way We Breathe

Fight the Hump

We begin life in a curled-up fetal position and as the decades fly by, our bodies begin to drift back into that initial pose. As long as the vertebrae are balanced more or less one atop the other, gravity’s pull is straight down through the center of the stack. But when you slouch (either unavoidably or carelessly) you lose the bone-over-bone balance. When there is no longer a strong bony stack under your heavy head and shoulders, you are losing the tug-of-war with gravity. Once your head is no longer balanced over your tailbone you are heading for a heap of trouble.

Fortunately, scientists have come a long way in understanding the part osteoporosis plays in our posture. We are learning the importance of monitoring the intake of calcium and vitamin D, of resistance exercise, of bone-density testing, of the role of strong and flexible support muscles. Prevention and awareness are your most effective weapons. Don’t wait till your spine is riddled with tiny fractures and atrophied discs.

Remember that ideal breathing springs in part from an open, flexible, relaxed, erect ribcage. The ribcage should be balanced directly above the pelvis. Deep lung tissue is devoted to oxygen deliver and it relies on ribcage muscles and the diaphragm to do the pumping and squeezing to actually move the air. It is a daily battle to retain your height and good posture as you age but the battle is important. A compressed warped ribcage leaves you with compressed warped breathing.

Be well. Breathe beautifully.

Oxygen Delivery: Where the Teeny Meets the Tiny

Your blood vessels, as they descend into your chest, get smaller and smaller until they are so narrow that blood molecules are forced to squeeze through one molecule at a time!

In the meantime your air tubes have also been getting smaller and smaller until they reach the end of the road where tiny bunches of air sacs (the alveoli) hang together like clusters of microscopic grapes.

In the very deepest part of the lungs, the tiny air sacs and the narrow blood vessels are so tightly woven together that they more or less share common walls. A blood molecule has only a fraction of a second to offload its oxygen, pick up its spent load of carbon dioxide and continue along its way. This exchange through the walls of the alveoli is what keeps you alive and kicking.

The gas exchange at this exact point in your chest is incredibly delicate and complicated. This is not an area that was designed to defend itself well. That would be like expecting a brilliant brain surgeon to do security duty at the front desk at the same time he is operating on a patient.

Remember that you have wonderful defense systems further “upstream.” Do your best to keep the bad stuff from getting past the defenses of your nose, throat and upper chest into your sanctum sanctorum.

Be well. Breathe beautifully.

The Elastic Cage

Although your bony ribcage serves you well as chest armor, taken alone this assembly of bones is unable to draw in or release a single breath. To turn this bone-vessel into a breathing-machine, Nature first lays down two layers of muscle (the intercostals) that crisscross each other between adjacent ribs. One layer helps with inhalation and the other with exhalation.

In addition to the intercostals between the ribs, the multiple-muscled diaphragm stretches like a complex, elastic floor across the bottom of the cage, and serves as the most powerful and important breathing tool you have. Now your bony cage, with its strategically placed muscles, has become a powerful pump, able to move air in and out of your body, on command.

The elusive muscle floor of the diaphragm attaches around the bottom rim of the ribcage, and to the waist-level lumbar spine at the rear. This big diaphragm serves simultaneously as the elastic floor of your ribcage, and the elastic ceiling of your abdominal cage.

The constant rising and flattening action of this powerful sheath as it pumps the air in and out, gently massages the heart and lungs as it rises, and in turn, the stomach, liver, spleen and intestines as it flattens down. Absolutely amazing! We won’t spend much time with anatomy but you will be well served to have some understanding and control of your main breathing muscles.

Be well. Breathe beautifully.

Sandwich Muscles I
Upside Down Breathing

The Body’s Shock Absorbers

Mother Nature showed her usual creative brilliance when she gave you three incredibly strong but lightweight bony cages that house:

1. The brain, hearing and visual equipment
2. The heart and lungs and
3. The baby-basket.

Bone is porous so it’s relatively light and, when broken, has the capability of mending itself stronger than ever. However, your body must have resilience and “give” as well as stability and strength. Nature has to keep your heart and lungs functioning constantly even when a 240-pound guard tackles you or when you fall out of the cherry tree or when you take a jolting step off a ladder.

If Nature hadn’t made our bony cages flexible, we would be a pile of bone bits the first time we were rear-ended. Notice that our feet are arched, that our spine is a long soft “spring” made up of gentle curves, that the forward end of each rib turns into tough elastic cartilage and that the bony spinal vertebrae are separated by plump squishy disks. Still, step off that ladder carefully.

Be well. Breathe beautifully.

Deep Breathing – Why?

Lung tissue is composed of trillions of fragile microscopic bubble-thin air sacs that are tightly packed inside your bony ribcage. Since lung tissue itself has no power to breathe but must be breathed into, it makes sense to work WITH rather than AGAINST Nature’s design.

Your ribcage is shaped like a bell or a birdcage, narrow and rigid at the top, wide and flexible around the bottom circumference. Unlike the bell or the birdcage, your ribcage has a stretchy powerful muscular floor (the diaphragm) that plays an incredibly important role in your respiration.

The upper cage is small and tight with the higher short ribs anchored directly to your breastbone. Don’t be fooled by the width of your shoulders! Gently poke around and you will find the actual cage just below your throat isn’t much wider than your hand is long. I regard the upper cage as a kind of additional reserve tank to be used primarily when you are moving fast and you need more oxygen than the main (lower) tank can provide.

Unfortunately, we tend to “shallow breathe” when we are tired, bored, stressed, or glued to the computer for long hours. When you use your “emergency” tank as if it were your main tank, you are forced to expend lots of energy for few rewards. Fewer air sacs in the upper chest mean less oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange. Rigid upper ribs mean less pumping action.

Be well. Breathe beautifully.

Sandwich Muscles II

If you hope to maintain a strong and healthy flow of fresh air in and out of your lungs at any age, you need to keep your pumper-and-squeezer muscles strong and flexible. As you age, the double layers of muscles (intercostals) sandwiched between your ribs become less active and more brittle. Poor posture pinches and inhibits the intercostals from doing their job efficiently. These are the muscles that raise and lower your ribs, changing the volume of your ribcage with each breath you take. Weak, cramped, lazy intercostal muscles cannot deliver the amount of oxygen you need for an active life.

1. Stand with your feet slightly more than shoulder-distance apart (toes straight ahead) with your back against a wall. Your bottom and BOTH shoulder blades will touch the wall at all times.
2. Stretch your right arm over your head and touch your left ear with your right hand (or as close as you can come). Lay your free hand on your navel and face forward the entire time.
3. Lengthen your spine first and then stretch slowly to the left, sliding along the wall only as far as is comfortable. Breathe quietly in and out, feeling the muscles working between the ribs along your right side. Hold for three or four breath cycles.
4. Pull your navel in and straighten up slowly. Change hands and repeat on the other side. If you have trouble returning to an upright position, you stretched too far.

This is an awareness exercise and a reminder of the importance of keeping pumpers-and-squeezers in good condition.

Be well. Breathe beautifully.

LINK: Sandwich Muscles I

Sandwich Muscles I

Deep delicate lung tissue cannot actually move air all by itself and is completely dependent upon the ribcage muscles to deliver and take away air that the lung tissue processes. Therefore, it makes sense to keep all the respiratory “pumping” muscles strong, flexible and active.

A few generations ago, we didn’t live long. A body lasted a few decades (long enough to procreate) and then was gone. As the song goes, we didn’t run outta tread before we ran outta road. Today we need to keep all systems in relatively good working order at least until age 95. The operative word here is “WE.” Nature looks out for us until approximately age 35 and then it is our turn to take responsibility.

There isn’t too much we can do for the big master pumper (the diaphragm) that stretches across the floor of the ribcage. Keeping your spine aligned, sitting properly, keeping a reasonable weight and avoiding too-tight belts is about all you can do for that deeply buried and complicated structure.

However, the thin double layer of muscle (intercostals) sandwiched between your ribs is muscle you are easily able to control. Intercostals are the muscles that raise and lower your ribs to change the chest capacity. Fresh air is drawn in by vacuum that is created by an expanded chest. Stale air is squeezed out when the muscles relax and the ribs drop making the chest capacity smaller.

Any exercise that you do that stretches the torso forward, backward and especially sideways will help to keep your intercostals young.

Be well. Breathe beautifully.

LINK: Sandwich Muscles II

Upside Down Breathing

Take a look at the front view of a ribcage (minus collarbones and arms). Ribs #1 descending through #7 are all short and attached DIRECTLY to your breastbone. The upper cage is relatively NARROW and RIGID. Ribs #8 down through #10 each begin to lengthen and attach to the rib above instead of directly to the breastbone, noticeably increasing the flexibility of the lower cage. We will ignore ribs #11 and #12 because they are short and free-floating at their forward ends. They never make it as far as the front view.

The double layers of intercostal muscles are sandwiched in between your ribs and their job is to raise and lower your ribs as you breathe, much like opening and closing an umbrella.

Lung tissue cannot breathe by itself but MUST BE BREATHED INTO by the combined efforts of your intercostals and the powerful diaphragm that is stretched across the floor of your ribcage. Poke around on your ribcage (gently please) and note the flexibility of your lower ribs.

When we shallow-breathe, we invest a LOT OF ENERGY FOR VERY LITTLE OXYGEN IN RETURN. When we deep-breath into the wider and more flexible lower cage, we spend less energy for greater gain. The upper chest serves well as a reserve tank (when you need more oxygen than the lower cage alone can provide). Shallow breathing is lazy breathing or tired breathing or stressed breathing or simply a very bad habit.

Be well. Breathe beautifully.

Posture Quick-Fix

Deep lung tissue is devoted almost exclusively to delivery of oxygen directly into the bloodstream and to the simultaneous pick-up and carting away of carbon dioxide. This 24/7 job is so complicated and important that Nature pretty much leaves all the other air pumping, filtering, warming, moisturizing chores to other parts of your anatomy. Your lungs lose full and proper expansion when your spine and ribcage collapse like a beanbag. Lazy posture means poor lung function. Poor lung function leaves you tired and vulnerable to illness.

The slouch, the slump, the sprawl inhibit the amount of air that can move easily in and out of your chest. Less air – less fuel. Less fuel – more fatigue. More fatigue – more slouch.

Experiment: Sit in a typical slouch with your weight rolled back onto your tailbone and your shoulders forward of your ears. Count the seconds it takes for an inhalation. In contrast, roll your weight forward onto your thighbones and off your tailbone. Reach GENTLY upward with the CENTER TOP of your head. That center point is on an imaginary line that would run from one ear, over the top of your head to the other ear. Place your elbows in line with your side-seams.

This time, count the seconds it takes for an inhalation.

This “taller” position is something you can do frequently to help maintain your energy level. Watch yourself in the mirror and notice how much younger and more confident you look in the corrected position.

Be well. Breathe beautifully.

Breathing Brooms - The Cilia

You are certainly familiar with the clear, warm, sticky blanket of mucous that lines most of your respiratory passages. The multipurpose mucous layer protects the underlying tissues of your nasal cavities, sinuses, throat and descending bronchial passages that wend their way between your nose and your delicate deep lung tissue.

Mucous is a super “fly paper” that releases moisture into the incoming dry air while at the same time grabbing up a billion bits of airborne bouncing garbage before it finds its way into your delicate lungs. Mucous is great stuff but once it has picked up a full load of garbage, you don’t want it hanging around.

Sprouting outward from the walls of most of your respiratory tunnels are millions of microscopic hair-like projections called “cilia” that beat and sweep like tiny brooms. A healthy cilia-covered wall resembles a microscopic wheat field in a stiff breeze. These extraordinary pushy little brooms beat as many as 50,000 times per hour to push along your mucous layer.

Under ideal conditions old polluted mucous is regularly dumped out through your nose, mouth or digestive tract. At the same time new fresh clean mucous is produced by tiny goblet cells embedded in your bronchial walls. For this defense system to work effectively the mucous layer must be moist enough to be pushed along easily and the sweeping cilia must remain strong and active. Infection, smoking, lack of fluids and allergies can stun or cripple the cilia and can halt the movement of the mucous in its tracks.

Be well. Breathe beautifully.

The Magic Bone Suit

The zillions of microscopic air sacs that comprise your lungs are as delicate as soap bubbles. Your heart is an extraordinary pump that must continue to drum away with no outside interference or disruption. Heart and lungs would be mush if they weren’t protected from daily assaults.

Because Mother Nature, in her usual infinite wisdom, wrapped you in a magic bone suit, you can almost always survive being tackled in the end-zone or rear-ended by an SUV or sent flying by the proverbial banana peel.

Your skull is the armored cage that protects soft brain tissue. Your pelvic cage is, among other things, a bumper car for your kidneys, pancreas, liver and many yards of guts (and sometimes a fetus). But most important, the ribcage protects the acquisition and delivery of oxygen. Without that, all else is lost.

The ribcage must be rigid enough to shield you, yet flexible enough for reasonable “give” when you take a deep breath. It must be self-healing, preferably stronger than it was before a bone break. It must be extraordinarily tough, yet lightweight. It must accommodate the arm and shoulder attachments. It has to last at least four score and seven.

In return, all that is expected of you is to keep the cage properly aligned for efficient breathing and to keep the related muscles in and around the ribs strong and flexible and to maintain bone health.

Be well. Breathe beautifully.

The Way We Breathe

The intercostals muscles between your ribs plus the big diaphragm (the elastic floor of your ribcage) rhythmically change the size, shape and capacity of your chest. It is this squeeze-and-release that moves the air in and out of your ribcage.

To inhale, the intercostals lift and swing your ribs out and up (much like raising an umbrella). Simultaneously, the diaphragm flattens and descends slightly. This beautifully coordinated muscle-dance creates a slightly enlarged cage with increased capacity. Fresh oxygen-rich air rushes in to fill the new vacuum (similar to the action of a syringe or a bellows).

Once your lungs have processed the incoming air, exhalation is simply a matter of relaxing the intercostals and the diaphragm. The ribs drop down out of their upward flare while the diaphragm rises to return to its domed-up resting position. This overall letting go results in a slightly smaller ribcage with a smaller capacity. In this now-smaller cage, there is no place for the contained air to go, but out.

You can imagine that stress and tension would interfere with the free and full range of your breathing muscles and therefore the delivery of oxygen in and carbon dioxide out.

Be well. Breathe beautifully.